Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”

This article aims to explain the impact of George W. Bush’s War on Terror policy toward the direction of anti-American violence movements committed by Muslim groups in Indonesia. The data were collected from factual news presented in three online news sites: www.detik.com, tempointeraktif.com and ko...

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Main Authors:	Al Makmun, Muhammad Taufiq, Nuraeni, Ardianna, Afda, Justine Niken
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2018
Online Access:	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/1/24440-71684-1-PB.pdf

id	ukm-11746
recordtype	eprints
spelling	ukm-117462018-06-09T22:17:09Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/ Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror” Al Makmun, Muhammad Taufiq Nuraeni, Ardianna Afda, Justine Niken This article aims to explain the impact of George W. Bush’s War on Terror policy toward the direction of anti-American violence movements committed by Muslim groups in Indonesia. The data were collected from factual news presented in three online news sites: www.detik.com, tempointeraktif.com and kompas.com, during 2000-2009, reporting series of violence movement in Indonesia. It is a media studies research employing: (i) socio-cultural approach to see the social condition and cultural values of the muslim-dominated Indonesian society which has long been colored by American cultural influence, (ii) historical approach to trace the radical movement in Indonesia and to understand what War on terror is, and (iii) Kroes’ theory on Americanization and American cultural influence to understand the presence of American cultural symbols in Indonesia. The findings show that American foreign policy of Bush’s War on terror had changed the direction of violence in Indonesia from anti-Christianity movements to anti-American movements. There are three levels of violence conducted by different Muslim groups in Indonesia. Deadly violence attacks in the form of bomb explosions were done by a radical group of Jema’ah Islamiyah connected to Al-Qaeda network. Expelling foreigners were done by organized Muslim militas like Front Pembela Islam (Islam Defenders Front) and Laskar Jihad. Burning American flag and sealing American fast-food franchise in Indonesia, the lowest level of violence, were done by Muslim student organizations conducting demonstration. The movements are identified as responses to War on terror and the targets of the attacks are characterized as American cultural symbols. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2018 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/1/24440-71684-1-PB.pdf Al Makmun, Muhammad Taufiq and Nuraeni, Ardianna and Afda, Justine Niken (2018) Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”. Jurnal Komunikasi ; Malaysian Journal of Communication, 34 (1). pp. 345-356. ISSN 0128-1496 http://ejournal.ukm.my/mjc/issue/view/1075
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia
building	UKM Institutional Repository
collection	Online Access
language	English
description	This article aims to explain the impact of George W. Bush’s War on Terror policy toward the direction of anti-American violence movements committed by Muslim groups in Indonesia. The data were collected from factual news presented in three online news sites: www.detik.com, tempointeraktif.com and kompas.com, during 2000-2009, reporting series of violence movement in Indonesia. It is a media studies research employing: (i) socio-cultural approach to see the social condition and cultural values of the muslim-dominated Indonesian society which has long been colored by American cultural influence, (ii) historical approach to trace the radical movement in Indonesia and to understand what War on terror is, and (iii) Kroes’ theory on Americanization and American cultural influence to understand the presence of American cultural symbols in Indonesia. The findings show that American foreign policy of Bush’s War on terror had changed the direction of violence in Indonesia from anti-Christianity movements to anti-American movements. There are three levels of violence conducted by different Muslim groups in Indonesia. Deadly violence attacks in the form of bomb explosions were done by a radical group of Jema’ah Islamiyah connected to Al-Qaeda network. Expelling foreigners were done by organized Muslim militas like Front Pembela Islam (Islam Defenders Front) and Laskar Jihad. Burning American flag and sealing American fast-food franchise in Indonesia, the lowest level of violence, were done by Muslim student organizations conducting demonstration. The movements are identified as responses to War on terror and the targets of the attacks are characterized as American cultural symbols.
format	Article
author	Al Makmun, Muhammad Taufiq Nuraeni, Ardianna Afda, Justine Niken
spellingShingle	Al Makmun, Muhammad Taufiq Nuraeni, Ardianna Afda, Justine Niken Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”
author_facet	Al Makmun, Muhammad Taufiq Nuraeni, Ardianna Afda, Justine Niken
author_sort	Al Makmun, Muhammad Taufiq
title	Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”
title_short	Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”
title_full	Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”
title_fullStr	Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”
title_full_unstemmed	Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”
title_sort	anti-american movements in indonesia as presented in indonesian online media news: violence against american cultural symbols in response to the “war on terror”
publisher	Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
publishDate	2018
url	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11746/1/24440-71684-1-PB.pdf
first_indexed	2023-09-18T20:01:03Z
last_indexed	2023-09-18T20:01:03Z
_version_	1777406850523725824

Anti-American movements in Indonesia as presented in Indonesian online media news: violence against American cultural symbols in response to the “War On Terror”

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