Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst

Biodiesel, one of the renewable energy sources has gained attention for decades as the alternative fuel due to its remarkable properties. However, there are several drawbacks from the industrial production of biodiesel such as the spike in the production cost, environmental issues related to the usa...

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Main Authors:	Nur Nazlina Saimon, Heng, Khuan Eu, Anwar Johari, Norzita Ngadi, Mazura Jusoh, Zaki Yamani Zakaria
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2018
Online Access:	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/1/13%20Nur%20Nazlina%20Saimon.pdf

id	ukm-11986
recordtype	eprints
spelling	ukm-119862018-08-17T09:15:47Z http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/ Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst Nur Nazlina Saimon, Heng, Khuan Eu Anwar Johari, Norzita Ngadi, Mazura Jusoh, Zaki Yamani Zakaria, Biodiesel, one of the renewable energy sources has gained attention for decades as the alternative fuel due to its remarkable properties. However, there are several drawbacks from the industrial production of biodiesel such as the spike in the production cost, environmental issues related to the usage of homogeneous catalyst and profitability in long term. One of the solutions to eliminate the problem is by utilizing low cost starting material such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a byproduct from the refining of crude palm oil and abundantly available. Esterification of PFAD to biodiesel will be much easier with the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. Most of acid catalyst preparation involves series of heating process using conventional method. In this study, microwave was utilized in catalyst preparation, significantly reducing the reaction time from conventional heating method. The catalyst produced was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmet and Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Temperature-Programmed Desorption - Ammonia (TPD-NH3) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) while percentage yield and conversion of the PFAD were analysed by gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and acid-base titration, respectively. It has been demonstrated that the percentage yield of biodiesel from the PFAD by employing sulfonated glucose acid catalyst (SGAC) reached 98.23% under the following conditions: molar ratio of methanol to PFAD of 10:1, catalyst loading of 2.5% and reaction temperature of 70oC. The microwave-assisted SGAC showed its potential to replace the SGAC produced via conventional heating method. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2018-01 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/1/13%20Nur%20Nazlina%20Saimon.pdf Nur Nazlina Saimon, and Heng, Khuan Eu and Anwar Johari, and Norzita Ngadi, and Mazura Jusoh, and Zaki Yamani Zakaria, (2018) Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst. Sains Malaysiana, 47 (1). pp. 109-115. ISSN 0126-6039 http://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol47num1_2018/contentsVol47num1_2018.html
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Local University
institution	Universiti Kebangasaan Malaysia
building	UKM Institutional Repository
collection	Online Access
language	English
description	Biodiesel, one of the renewable energy sources has gained attention for decades as the alternative fuel due to its remarkable properties. However, there are several drawbacks from the industrial production of biodiesel such as the spike in the production cost, environmental issues related to the usage of homogeneous catalyst and profitability in long term. One of the solutions to eliminate the problem is by utilizing low cost starting material such as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). PFAD is a byproduct from the refining of crude palm oil and abundantly available. Esterification of PFAD to biodiesel will be much easier with the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. Most of acid catalyst preparation involves series of heating process using conventional method. In this study, microwave was utilized in catalyst preparation, significantly reducing the reaction time from conventional heating method. The catalyst produced was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmet and Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Temperature-Programmed Desorption - Ammonia (TPD-NH3) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) while percentage yield and conversion of the PFAD were analysed by gas chromatography - flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and acid-base titration, respectively. It has been demonstrated that the percentage yield of biodiesel from the PFAD by employing sulfonated glucose acid catalyst (SGAC) reached 98.23% under the following conditions: molar ratio of methanol to PFAD of 10:1, catalyst loading of 2.5% and reaction temperature of 70oC. The microwave-assisted SGAC showed its potential to replace the SGAC produced via conventional heating method.
format	Article
author	Nur Nazlina Saimon, Heng, Khuan Eu Anwar Johari, Norzita Ngadi, Mazura Jusoh, Zaki Yamani Zakaria,
spellingShingle	Nur Nazlina Saimon, Heng, Khuan Eu Anwar Johari, Norzita Ngadi, Mazura Jusoh, Zaki Yamani Zakaria, Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
author_facet	Nur Nazlina Saimon, Heng, Khuan Eu Anwar Johari, Norzita Ngadi, Mazura Jusoh, Zaki Yamani Zakaria,
author_sort	Nur Nazlina Saimon,
title	Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
title_short	Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
title_full	Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
title_fullStr	Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
title_full_unstemmed	Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
title_sort	production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst
publisher	Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
publishDate	2018
url	http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/ http://journalarticle.ukm.my/11986/1/13%20Nur%20Nazlina%20Saimon.pdf
first_indexed	2023-09-18T20:01:36Z
last_indexed	2023-09-18T20:01:36Z
_version_	1777406885127782400

Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate by microwave-assisted sulfonated glucose acid catalyst

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