Utilization of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate in Methyl Esters Preparation using SO42/TiO2-SiO2 as a Solid Acid Catalyst
The use of by-products, particularly in the biodiesel industry, has gained much attention owing to their potential in countering higher feedstock costs. A low-value by-product of palm oil refining, the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), was utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel preparation with the...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2016
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/16817/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/16817/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/16817/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/16817/1/fist-2016-gaanty-Utilization%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate1.pdf |
| Summary: | The use of by-products, particularly in the biodiesel industry, has gained much attention owing to their potential in countering higher feedstock costs. A low-value by-product of palm oil refining, the palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), was utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel preparation with the aid of a solid acid catalyst, SO42−/TiO2–SiO2. A central composite design is applied to optimize the major influential manipulate variables. The analysis of variance identifies the methanol/PFAD molar ratio as having a dominant effect on methyl ester conversion, followed by catalyst amount and reaction time respectively. The utilization of PFAD with the aid of a solid acid catalyst results in 93.3 ± 1.02% conversion at the most optimized reaction conditions of 2.97 ± 0.04 wt% for the catalyst amount, 5.85 ± 0.14 methanol/PFAD molar ratio and 3.12 ± 0.14 h of reaction time. |
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