Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn , ; .}} His father's given name was Isaakiy, which would normally result in the patronymic ''Isaakiyevich''; however, the forms ''Isaakovich'' and ''Isayevich'' both appeared in official documents, the latter becoming the accepted version. His first name is often romanized to ''Alexandr'' or ''Alexander''.}} (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Soviet and Russian author and dissident who helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the Soviet Union, especially the Gulag prison system. He was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature". His nonfiction work ''The Gulag Archipelago'' "amounted to a head-on challenge to the Soviet state" and sold tens of millions of copies.

Solzhenitsyn was born into a family that defied the Soviet anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and remained devout members of the Russian Orthodox Church. At a young age he became an atheist and embraced Marxism–Leninism. While serving as a captain in the Red Army during World War II, Solzhenitsyn was arrested by SMERSH and sentenced to eight years in the Gulag and then internal exile for criticizing Joseph Stalin in private correspondence with another field officer. As a result of his experience in prison and the camps, he gradually became a philosophically minded Eastern Orthodox Christian.

During the Khrushchev Thaw, Solzhenitsyn was released and exonerated. He started writing novels about his experiences and repression in the Soviet Union. In 1962, he published his first novel, ''One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich''—an account of Stalinist repressions—with approval from Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. His last work to be published in the Soviet Union was ''Matryona's Place'' in 1963. After Khrushchev lost power, Soviet authorities unsuccessfully tried to discourage Solzhenitsyn from writing. His novels published in other countries included ''Cancer Ward'' in 1966, ''In the First Circle'' in 1968, ''August 1914'' in 1971 and ''The Gulag Archipelago'' in 1973. The last novel outraged authorities and, in 1974, he was stripped of his Soviet citizenship and flown to West Germany. He soon moved to Switzerland and then, in 1976, to Vermont in the United States with his family. During his tour of the United States, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn visited St. Nicholas Old Believer Orthodox Church in Millville, New Jersey in December 1976, and spoke to a congregation of 50 people in the Russian language about pride in religion and religious activities which was restricted in the Soviet Union. He continued to write and his Soviet citizenship was restored in 1990. He returned to Russia four years later and remained there until his death in 2008. Provided by Wikipedia