Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility

This paper analyzes theoretically and empirically the impact of comparative advantage in international trade on fertility. It builds a model in which industries differ in the extent to which they use female relative to male labor and countries are...

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Main Authors:	Do, Quy-Toan, Levchenko, Andrei, Raddatz, Claudio
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2014
Subjects:	ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE AVERAGE WAGES BABY BABY BOOM BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CENTRAL BANK CHANGES IN FERTILITY CHILD LABOR CHILDBEARING CHILDREN PER WOMAN COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM CONSUMERS CROSS-SECTORAL VARIATION CURRENT POPULATION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEMOCRACY DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVISION OF LABOR DOWNWARD PRESSURE ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECISIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT RATES EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM PRICES EQUILIBRIUM WAGES EXCLUSION RESTRICTION EXOGENOUS CHARACTERISTICS EXPORT BASKETS EXPORT SPECIALIZATION EXPORTS FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY DECLINE FERTILITY LEVELS FERTILITY RATE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GDP GENDER BIAS GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER GAP GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBALIZATION GROWTH MODELS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EFFECT INCOME INEQUALITY INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTIC INFANT INFANT MORTALITY INFORMAL SECTOR INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR DEMAND LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INTENSITY LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SHARE LABOR STATISTICS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY LAM LARGE FAMILIES LEVELS OF FERTILITY LOW FERTILITY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS MACROECONOMICS MALE WORKERS MARGINAL UTILITY MARKET ECONOMY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MEAT MIGRATION MIGRATION FLOWS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NET EXPORTS NORMAL GOOD NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF CHILDREN OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OPPORTUNITY COST OPTIMIZATION PER CAPITA INCOME POINT OF DEPARTURE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY LEVER POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS RESPECT RULE OF LAW SKILLED WORKERS SUBSTITUTION EFFECT SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS SUPPLY CURVE TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITIES TOTAL WAGE TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRANSPORTATION UTILITY FUNCTION WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INCREASES WAGE RATES WAGES WAR WOMAN
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19696314/comparative-advantage-international-trade-fertility http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18811

id	okr-10986-18811
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-188112021-04-23T14:03:49Z Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility Do, Quy-Toan Levchenko, Andrei Raddatz, Claudio ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE AVERAGE WAGES BABY BABY BOOM BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CENTRAL BANK CHANGES IN FERTILITY CHILD LABOR CHILDBEARING CHILDREN PER WOMAN COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM CONSUMERS CROSS-SECTORAL VARIATION CURRENT POPULATION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEMOCRACY DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVISION OF LABOR DOWNWARD PRESSURE ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECISIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT RATES EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM PRICES EQUILIBRIUM WAGES EXCLUSION RESTRICTION EXOGENOUS CHARACTERISTICS EXPORT BASKETS EXPORT SPECIALIZATION EXPORTS FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY DECLINE FERTILITY LEVELS FERTILITY RATE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GDP GENDER BIAS GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER GAP GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBALIZATION GROWTH MODELS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EFFECT INCOME INEQUALITY INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTIC INFANT INFANT MORTALITY INFORMAL SECTOR INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR DEMAND LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INTENSITY LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SHARE LABOR STATISTICS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY LAM LARGE FAMILIES LEVELS OF FERTILITY LOW FERTILITY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS MACROECONOMICS MALE WORKERS MARGINAL UTILITY MARKET ECONOMY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MEAT MIGRATION MIGRATION FLOWS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NET EXPORTS NORMAL GOOD NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF CHILDREN OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OPPORTUNITY COST OPTIMIZATION PER CAPITA INCOME POINT OF DEPARTURE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY LEVER POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS RESPECT RULE OF LAW SKILLED WORKERS SUBSTITUTION EFFECT SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS SUPPLY CURVE TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITIES TOTAL WAGE TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRANSPORTATION UTILITY FUNCTION WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INCREASES WAGE RATES WAGES WAR WOMAN This paper analyzes theoretically and empirically the impact of comparative advantage in international trade on fertility. It builds a model in which industries differ in the extent to which they use female relative to male labor and countries are characterized by Ricardian comparative advantage in either female labor or male labor intensive goods. The main prediction of the model is that countries with comparative advantage in female labor intensive goods are characterized by lower fertility. This is because female wages and therefore the opportunity cost of children are higher in those countries. The paper demonstrates empirically that countries with comparative advantage in industries employing primarily women exhibit lower fertility. The analysis uses a geography-based instrument for trade patterns to isolate the causal effect of comparative advantage on fertility. 2014-06-26T22:36:25Z 2014-06-26T22:36:25Z 2014-06 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19696314/comparative-advantage-international-trade-fertility http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18811 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6930 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE AVERAGE WAGES BABY BABY BOOM BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CENTRAL BANK CHANGES IN FERTILITY CHILD LABOR CHILDBEARING CHILDREN PER WOMAN COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM CONSUMERS CROSS-SECTORAL VARIATION CURRENT POPULATION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEMOCRACY DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVISION OF LABOR DOWNWARD PRESSURE ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECISIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT RATES EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM PRICES EQUILIBRIUM WAGES EXCLUSION RESTRICTION EXOGENOUS CHARACTERISTICS EXPORT BASKETS EXPORT SPECIALIZATION EXPORTS FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY DECLINE FERTILITY LEVELS FERTILITY RATE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GDP GENDER BIAS GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER GAP GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBALIZATION GROWTH MODELS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EFFECT INCOME INEQUALITY INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTIC INFANT INFANT MORTALITY INFORMAL SECTOR INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR DEMAND LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INTENSITY LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SHARE LABOR STATISTICS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY LAM LARGE FAMILIES LEVELS OF FERTILITY LOW FERTILITY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS MACROECONOMICS MALE WORKERS MARGINAL UTILITY MARKET ECONOMY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MEAT MIGRATION MIGRATION FLOWS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NET EXPORTS NORMAL GOOD NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF CHILDREN OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OPPORTUNITY COST OPTIMIZATION PER CAPITA INCOME POINT OF DEPARTURE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY LEVER POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS RESPECT RULE OF LAW SKILLED WORKERS SUBSTITUTION EFFECT SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS SUPPLY CURVE TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITIES TOTAL WAGE TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRANSPORTATION UTILITY FUNCTION WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INCREASES WAGE RATES WAGES WAR WOMAN
spellingShingle	ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE ACCOUNTING AGRICULTURE AVERAGE WAGES BABY BABY BOOM BARGAINING BARGAINING POWER BILATERAL TRADE BUSINESS CYCLE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS CENTRAL BANK CHANGES IN FERTILITY CHILD LABOR CHILDBEARING CHILDREN PER WOMAN COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIUM CONSUMERS CROSS-SECTORAL VARIATION CURRENT POPULATION DEMAND CURVE DEMAND CURVES DEMOCRACY DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME DIVISION OF LABOR DOWNWARD PRESSURE ECONOMIC CHANGE ECONOMIC DECISIONS ECONOMIC GROWTH ECONOMIC HISTORY ECONOMIC RESEARCH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ELASTICITY EMPLOYMENT EMPLOYMENT RATES EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM PRICES EQUILIBRIUM WAGES EXCLUSION RESTRICTION EXOGENOUS CHARACTERISTICS EXPORT BASKETS EXPORT SPECIALIZATION EXPORTS FACTOR MARKETS FAMILY SIZE FAMILY STRUCTURE FEMALE EMPLOYMENT FEMALE LABOR FEMALE LABOR FORCE FERTILITY FERTILITY DECLINE FERTILITY LEVELS FERTILITY RATE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT GDP GENDER BIAS GENDER DISCRIMINATION GENDER GAP GENDER INEQUALITY GENDER ROLES GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM GINI COEFFICIENT GLOBALIZATION GROWTH MODELS HUMAN CAPITAL IMMIGRANT IMPORTS INCOME INCOME DISTRIBUTION INCOME EFFECT INCOME INEQUALITY INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTIC INFANT INFANT MORTALITY INFORMAL SECTOR INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL TRADE LABOR DEMAND LABOR ECONOMICS LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION LABOR INTENSITY LABOR MARKET LABOR MARKETS LABOR RELATIONS LABOR SHARE LABOR STATISTICS LABOR SUPPLY LABOR-INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY LAM LARGE FAMILIES LEVELS OF FERTILITY LOW FERTILITY LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES LOWER FERTILITY MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS MACROECONOMICS MALE WORKERS MARGINAL UTILITY MARKET ECONOMY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MEAT MIGRATION MIGRATION FLOWS NATURAL RESOURCE NATURAL RESOURCES NET EXPORTS NORMAL GOOD NUMBER OF BIRTHS NUMBER OF CHILDREN OCCUPATION OCCUPATIONS OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN OPPORTUNITY COST OPTIMIZATION PER CAPITA INCOME POINT OF DEPARTURE POLICY DISCUSSIONS POLICY LEVER POLICY RESEARCH POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER POLITICAL ECONOMY POPULATION GROWTH PRODUCTION FUNCTIONS PRODUCTIVITY PROGRESS RESPECT RULE OF LAW SKILLED WORKERS SUBSTITUTION EFFECT SUBSTITUTION EFFECTS SUPPLY CURVE TOTAL EMPLOYMENT TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITIES TOTAL WAGE TRADE BARRIERS TRADE DATA TRADE INTEGRATION TRADE LIBERALIZATION TRADE OPENNESS TRANSPORTATION UTILITY FUNCTION WAGE BILL WAGE GAP WAGE INCREASES WAGE RATES WAGES WAR WOMAN Do, Quy-Toan Levchenko, Andrei Raddatz, Claudio Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 6930
description	This paper analyzes theoretically and empirically the impact of comparative advantage in international trade on fertility. It builds a model in which industries differ in the extent to which they use female relative to male labor and countries are characterized by Ricardian comparative advantage in either female labor or male labor intensive goods. The main prediction of the model is that countries with comparative advantage in female labor intensive goods are characterized by lower fertility. This is because female wages and therefore the opportunity cost of children are higher in those countries. The paper demonstrates empirically that countries with comparative advantage in industries employing primarily women exhibit lower fertility. The analysis uses a geography-based instrument for trade patterns to isolate the causal effect of comparative advantage on fertility.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Do, Quy-Toan Levchenko, Andrei Raddatz, Claudio
author_facet	Do, Quy-Toan Levchenko, Andrei Raddatz, Claudio
author_sort	Do, Quy-Toan
title	Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility
title_short	Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility
title_full	Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility
title_fullStr	Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility
title_full_unstemmed	Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility
title_sort	comparative advantage, international trade, and fertility
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2014
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2014/06/19696314/comparative-advantage-international-trade-fertility http://hdl.handle.net/10986/18811
_version_	1764442770699714560

Comparative Advantage, International Trade, and Fertility

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