Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?

Developing countries have urbanized rapidly since 1950. To explain urbanization, standard models emphasize rural-urban migration, focusing on rural push factors (agricultural modernization and rural poverty) and urban pull factors (industrializatio...

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Main Authors:	Jedwab, Remi, Christiaensen, Luc, Gindelsky, Marina
Format:	Working Paper
Language:	English en_US
Published:	World Bank, Washington, DC 2015
Subjects:	SANITATION LIVING STANDARDS POPULATION INCREASE FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY TRANSITION ECONOMIC GROWTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION URBANIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS HIGH BIRTH RATE LIVE BIRTHS LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOOD PRODUCTIVITY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS BIRTH CONTROL POLICY DISCUSSIONS URBAN GROWTH RATE PUBLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT GOALS FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS RURAL POPULATION POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION LIFE EXPECTANCY PUBLIC HEALTH DEMOGRAPHERS ADULT MORTALITY INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION URBAN MIGRATION POPULATION CENSUS PRIMATE CITIES NEWBORNS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION POPULATION CHANGE LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH FERTILITY RATES RATES OF URBANIZATION WORKING POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION FERTILITY RATE BIRTH RATES MIGRATION ADOPTION NATURAL DISASTERS MODERNIZATION POLLUTION URBANIZED COUNTRIES HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS DISASTERS MORTALITY RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS PLACE OF RESIDENCE MIGRANTS NATURAL RESOURCES MORTALITY PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION HUMAN CAPITAL MIGRANT TRANSPORTATION URBAN GROWTH RATES CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES SOCIAL SERVICES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE WOMAN SLUM DWELLERS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL GROWTH LARGE CITIES WORKSHOP RURAL POVERTY URBAN AREAS FAMILY PLANNING REFUGEE DECLINES IN MORTALITY URBAN DEVELOPMENT CHILDBEARING POLICY REPRODUCTIVE AGE INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS CHILD MORTALITY FERTILITY SURVEY CHILD MORTALITY RATES PERMANENT RESIDENCE GOVERNMENT POLICIES RURAL RESIDENTS RURAL POPULATION GROWTH NATURAL RESOURCE CENSUSES URBAN POPULATION GROWTH NUMBER OF CHILDREN RURAL AREAS PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS INTERNAL MIGRATION NUMBER OF DEATHS POLICY IMPLICATIONS DEATH RATES POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY URBAN BIAS POPULATION CENTER POLICY RESEARCH GREEN REVOLUTION FERTILITY WOMEN CHILD MORTALITY RATE NEWBORN URBAN POPULATION PEACE DEVELOPMENT POLICY SANITATION FACILITIES
Online Access:	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24689971/demography-urbanization-development-rural-push-urban-pull-urban-push http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22214

id	okr-10986-22214
recordtype	oai_dc
spelling	okr-10986-222142021-04-23T14:04:07Z Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push? Jedwab, Remi Christiaensen, Luc Gindelsky, Marina SANITATION LIVING STANDARDS POPULATION INCREASE FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY TRANSITION ECONOMIC GROWTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION URBANIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS HIGH BIRTH RATE LIVE BIRTHS LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOOD PRODUCTIVITY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS BIRTH CONTROL POLICY DISCUSSIONS URBAN GROWTH RATE PUBLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT GOALS FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS RURAL POPULATION POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION LIFE EXPECTANCY PUBLIC HEALTH DEMOGRAPHERS ADULT MORTALITY INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION URBAN MIGRATION POPULATION CENSUS PRIMATE CITIES NEWBORNS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION POPULATION CHANGE LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH FERTILITY RATES RATES OF URBANIZATION WORKING POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION FERTILITY RATE BIRTH RATES MIGRATION ADOPTION NATURAL DISASTERS MODERNIZATION POLLUTION URBANIZED COUNTRIES HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS DISASTERS MORTALITY RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS PLACE OF RESIDENCE MIGRANTS NATURAL RESOURCES MORTALITY PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION HUMAN CAPITAL MIGRANT TRANSPORTATION URBAN GROWTH RATES CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES SOCIAL SERVICES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE WOMAN SLUM DWELLERS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL GROWTH LARGE CITIES WORKSHOP RURAL POVERTY URBAN AREAS FAMILY PLANNING REFUGEE DECLINES IN MORTALITY URBAN DEVELOPMENT CHILDBEARING POLICY REPRODUCTIVE AGE INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS CHILD MORTALITY FERTILITY SURVEY CHILD MORTALITY RATES PERMANENT RESIDENCE GOVERNMENT POLICIES RURAL RESIDENTS RURAL POPULATION GROWTH NATURAL RESOURCE CENSUSES URBAN POPULATION GROWTH NUMBER OF CHILDREN RURAL AREAS PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS INTERNAL MIGRATION NUMBER OF DEATHS POLICY IMPLICATIONS DEATH RATES POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY URBAN BIAS POPULATION CENTER POLICY RESEARCH GREEN REVOLUTION FERTILITY WOMEN CHILD MORTALITY RATE NEWBORN URBAN POPULATION PEACE DEVELOPMENT POLICY SANITATION FACILITIES Developing countries have urbanized rapidly since 1950. To explain urbanization, standard models emphasize rural-urban migration, focusing on rural push factors (agricultural modernization and rural poverty) and urban pull factors (industrialization and urban-biased policies). Using new historical data on urban birth and death rates for seven countries from Industrial Europe (1800–1910) and thirty-five developing countries (1960–2010), this paper argues that a non-negligible part of developing countries’ rapid urban growth and urbanization may also be linked to demographic factors, such as rapid internal urban population growth, or an urban push. High urban natural increase in today’s developing countries follows from lower urban mortality, relative to Industrial Europe, where higher urban deaths offset urban births. This compounds the effects of migration and displays strong associations with urban congestion, providing additional insight into the phenomenon of urbanization without growth. 2015-07-17T18:36:11Z 2015-07-17T18:36:11Z 2015-06 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24689971/demography-urbanization-development-rural-push-urban-pull-urban-push http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22214 English en_US Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7333 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Europe
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English en_US
topic	SANITATION LIVING STANDARDS POPULATION INCREASE FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY TRANSITION ECONOMIC GROWTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION URBANIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS HIGH BIRTH RATE LIVE BIRTHS LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOOD PRODUCTIVITY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS BIRTH CONTROL POLICY DISCUSSIONS URBAN GROWTH RATE PUBLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT GOALS FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS RURAL POPULATION POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION LIFE EXPECTANCY PUBLIC HEALTH DEMOGRAPHERS ADULT MORTALITY INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION URBAN MIGRATION POPULATION CENSUS PRIMATE CITIES NEWBORNS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION POPULATION CHANGE LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH FERTILITY RATES RATES OF URBANIZATION WORKING POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION FERTILITY RATE BIRTH RATES MIGRATION ADOPTION NATURAL DISASTERS MODERNIZATION POLLUTION URBANIZED COUNTRIES HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS DISASTERS MORTALITY RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS PLACE OF RESIDENCE MIGRANTS NATURAL RESOURCES MORTALITY PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION HUMAN CAPITAL MIGRANT TRANSPORTATION URBAN GROWTH RATES CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES SOCIAL SERVICES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE WOMAN SLUM DWELLERS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL GROWTH LARGE CITIES WORKSHOP RURAL POVERTY URBAN AREAS FAMILY PLANNING REFUGEE DECLINES IN MORTALITY URBAN DEVELOPMENT CHILDBEARING POLICY REPRODUCTIVE AGE INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS CHILD MORTALITY FERTILITY SURVEY CHILD MORTALITY RATES PERMANENT RESIDENCE GOVERNMENT POLICIES RURAL RESIDENTS RURAL POPULATION GROWTH NATURAL RESOURCE CENSUSES URBAN POPULATION GROWTH NUMBER OF CHILDREN RURAL AREAS PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS INTERNAL MIGRATION NUMBER OF DEATHS POLICY IMPLICATIONS DEATH RATES POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY URBAN BIAS POPULATION CENTER POLICY RESEARCH GREEN REVOLUTION FERTILITY WOMEN CHILD MORTALITY RATE NEWBORN URBAN POPULATION PEACE DEVELOPMENT POLICY SANITATION FACILITIES
spellingShingle	SANITATION LIVING STANDARDS POPULATION INCREASE FERTILITY BEHAVIOR FERTILITY TRANSITION ECONOMIC GROWTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION URBANIZATION ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS HIGH BIRTH RATE LIVE BIRTHS LABOR FORCE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES FOOD PRODUCTIVITY DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS BIRTH CONTROL POLICY DISCUSSIONS URBAN GROWTH RATE PUBLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT GOALS FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS RURAL POPULATION POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION LIFE EXPECTANCY PUBLIC HEALTH DEMOGRAPHERS ADULT MORTALITY INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION URBAN MIGRATION POPULATION CENSUS PRIMATE CITIES NEWBORNS AGRICULTURAL POPULATION POPULATION CHANGE LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES POPULATION GROWTH FERTILITY RATES RATES OF URBANIZATION WORKING POPULATION INDUSTRIALIZATION FERTILITY RATE BIRTH RATES MIGRATION ADOPTION NATURAL DISASTERS MODERNIZATION POLLUTION URBANIZED COUNTRIES HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS DISASTERS MORTALITY RATE DEPENDENCY RATIO DEPENDENCY RATIOS PLACE OF RESIDENCE MIGRANTS NATURAL RESOURCES MORTALITY PROGRESS UNEMPLOYMENT DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION HUMAN CAPITAL MIGRANT TRANSPORTATION URBAN GROWTH RATES CLIMATE CHANGE POLICIES SOCIAL SERVICES SCHOOL ATTENDANCE WOMAN SLUM DWELLERS POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE RURAL GROWTH LARGE CITIES WORKSHOP RURAL POVERTY URBAN AREAS FAMILY PLANNING REFUGEE DECLINES IN MORTALITY URBAN DEVELOPMENT CHILDBEARING POLICY REPRODUCTIVE AGE INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS CHILD MORTALITY FERTILITY SURVEY CHILD MORTALITY RATES PERMANENT RESIDENCE GOVERNMENT POLICIES RURAL RESIDENTS RURAL POPULATION GROWTH NATURAL RESOURCE CENSUSES URBAN POPULATION GROWTH NUMBER OF CHILDREN RURAL AREAS PULL FACTORS PUSH FACTORS INTERNAL MIGRATION NUMBER OF DEATHS POLICY IMPLICATIONS DEATH RATES POPULATION LABOR SUPPLY URBAN BIAS POPULATION CENTER POLICY RESEARCH GREEN REVOLUTION FERTILITY WOMEN CHILD MORTALITY RATE NEWBORN URBAN POPULATION PEACE DEVELOPMENT POLICY SANITATION FACILITIES Jedwab, Remi Christiaensen, Luc Gindelsky, Marina Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?
geographic_facet	Europe
relation	Policy Research Working Paper;No. 7333
description	Developing countries have urbanized rapidly since 1950. To explain urbanization, standard models emphasize rural-urban migration, focusing on rural push factors (agricultural modernization and rural poverty) and urban pull factors (industrialization and urban-biased policies). Using new historical data on urban birth and death rates for seven countries from Industrial Europe (1800–1910) and thirty-five developing countries (1960–2010), this paper argues that a non-negligible part of developing countries’ rapid urban growth and urbanization may also be linked to demographic factors, such as rapid internal urban population growth, or an urban push. High urban natural increase in today’s developing countries follows from lower urban mortality, relative to Industrial Europe, where higher urban deaths offset urban births. This compounds the effects of migration and displays strong associations with urban congestion, providing additional insight into the phenomenon of urbanization without growth.
format	Working Paper
author	Jedwab, Remi Christiaensen, Luc Gindelsky, Marina
author_facet	Jedwab, Remi Christiaensen, Luc Gindelsky, Marina
author_sort	Jedwab, Remi
title	Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?
title_short	Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?
title_full	Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?
title_fullStr	Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?
title_full_unstemmed	Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?
title_sort	demography, urbanization and development : rural push, urban pull and ... urban push?
publisher	World Bank, Washington, DC
publishDate	2015
url	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2015/06/24689971/demography-urbanization-development-rural-push-urban-pull-urban-push http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22214
_version_	1764450442288300032

Demography, Urbanization and Development : Rural Push, Urban Pull and ... Urban Push?

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