Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach
This paper proposes a model-based approach to estimate income boundaries for identifying the middle class in Kazakhstan over 2003-15. The approach exploits the subjective evaluation of Kazakhstan households about their social status, relating self-...
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| Format: | Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2018
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/908931535390485565/Measuring-the-Middle-Class-in-Kazakhstan-A-Subjective-Approach http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30320 |
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okr-10986-303202021-06-08T14:42:47Z Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach Pittau, M. Grazia Zelli, Roberto MIDDLE CLASS INCOME DISTRIBUTION SOCIAL CLASS INEQUALITY This paper proposes a model-based approach to estimate income boundaries for identifying the middle class in Kazakhstan over 2003-15. The approach exploits the subjective evaluation of Kazakhstan households about their social status, relating self-declared social class membership to income. Income data come from the Kazakhstan Household Budget Survey, which also includes a specific module on quality of life and perceived social status. As social status is intrinsically an ordinal response, the paper estimates a proportional odds model with income as the key explanatory variable. Although other factors influence the self-perception of being in the middle class, income is by far the most important determinant. Benchmarking on 2013, the estimated middle class lower bound is $14 at 2011 purchasing power parity and the upper bound is $52. The Kazakhstan middle class has increased massively in size and income concentration. The increase is essentially due to a growth effect rather than a redistributive cause. 2018-09-04T16:56:23Z 2018-09-04T16:56:23Z 2018-08 Working Paper http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/908931535390485565/Measuring-the-Middle-Class-in-Kazakhstan-A-Subjective-Approach http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30320 English Policy Research Working Paper;No. 8568 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Europe and Central Asia Kazakhstan |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
MIDDLE CLASS INCOME DISTRIBUTION SOCIAL CLASS INEQUALITY |
| spellingShingle |
MIDDLE CLASS INCOME DISTRIBUTION SOCIAL CLASS INEQUALITY Pittau, M. Grazia Zelli, Roberto Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach |
| geographic_facet |
Europe and Central Asia Kazakhstan |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper;No. 8568 |
| description |
This paper proposes a model-based
approach to estimate income boundaries for identifying the
middle class in Kazakhstan over 2003-15. The approach
exploits the subjective evaluation of Kazakhstan households
about their social status, relating self-declared social
class membership to income. Income data come from the
Kazakhstan Household Budget Survey, which also includes a
specific module on quality of life and perceived social
status. As social status is intrinsically an ordinal
response, the paper estimates a proportional odds model with
income as the key explanatory variable. Although other
factors influence the self-perception of being in the middle
class, income is by far the most important determinant.
Benchmarking on 2013, the estimated middle class lower bound
is $14 at 2011 purchasing power parity and the upper bound
is $52. The Kazakhstan middle class has increased massively
in size and income concentration. The increase is
essentially due to a growth effect rather than a
redistributive cause. |
| format |
Working Paper |
| author |
Pittau, M. Grazia Zelli, Roberto |
| author_facet |
Pittau, M. Grazia Zelli, Roberto |
| author_sort |
Pittau, M. Grazia |
| title |
Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach |
| title_short |
Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach |
| title_full |
Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach |
| title_fullStr |
Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Measuring the Middle Class in Kazakhstan : A Subjective Approach |
| title_sort |
measuring the middle class in kazakhstan : a subjective approach |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2018 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/908931535390485565/Measuring-the-Middle-Class-in-Kazakhstan-A-Subjective-Approach http://hdl.handle.net/10986/30320 |
| _version_ |
1764471690309402624 |