Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India

The challenge of development work in the social sector in India today is one of bridging huge disparities across regions of the country, gender and social groups. Unless national and state policies specifically target resources to address these dis...

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Main Authors:	Jhingran, Dhir, Sankar, Deepa
Format:	Policy Research Working Paper
Language:	English
Published:	2012
Subjects:	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADDITIONAL FUNDS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ADULT LITERACY AGE GROUP ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION CENTERS ARITHMETIC ARITHMETIC MEAN ATTENDING SCHOOL AVAILABILITY OF CLASSROOMS AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS AVAILABILITY OF TEACHERS BUDGETING CAPITAL EXPENDITURE CAPITAL EXPENDITURES CAPITAL GOODS CHILD LABOR CLASSROOM CLASSROOM RATIO CLASSROOMS COMPLETION RATES CONTRIBUTION CURRICULUM DECISION MAKING DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DROP-OUT RATES DROPOUT RATE DROPOUT RATES ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION FACILITIES EDUCATION FOR ALL EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATION PLANNING EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATIONAL INPUTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PLANNING EDUCATIONAL SERVICES ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ENROLLMENT ENROLMENT RATES ENROLMENT RATIO EQUITABLE ALLOCATION EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION FEMALE LITERACY FEMALE LITERACY RATE FINANCES FINANCIAL GUIDELINES FINANCIAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FREE TEXTBOOKS GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ENROLMENTS GENDER PARITY GENDER PARITY INDEX GIRLS GLOBAL MONITORING HIGH DROPOUT HIGHER EDUCATION HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS INVESTING INVESTMENT PROGRAM KEY ROLE LEARNING LEVELS OF LITERACY LINGUISTIC MINORITIES LITERACY LITERACY EDUCATION LITERACY RATES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NER NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATIO NUMBER OF SCHOOLS NUTRITION OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN PHYSICAL ACCESS PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY COMPLETION PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LEVEL EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVELS PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS PUPIL TEACHER RATIO PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE REASONING REPETITION RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS RESPONSIBILITIES SALARIES SALARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL COVERAGE SCHOOL DATA SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL RATIO SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS SENIOR SERVICE TRAINING SOCIAL GROUPS SUPPORT GROUP TEACHER TEACHERS TEXTBOOK TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION TRAINING OF TEACHERS UNIVERSAL ELEMENTARY EDUCATION UNIVERSAL ENROLMENT UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UPPER PRIMARY VULNERABLE GROUPS
Online Access:	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090604092157 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4147

id	okr-10986-4147
recordtype	oai_dc
repository_type	Digital Repository
institution_category	Foreign Institution
institution	Digital Repositories
building	World Bank Open Knowledge Repository
collection	World Bank
language	English
topic	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADDITIONAL FUNDS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ADULT LITERACY AGE GROUP ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION CENTERS ARITHMETIC ARITHMETIC MEAN ATTENDING SCHOOL AVAILABILITY OF CLASSROOMS AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS AVAILABILITY OF TEACHERS BUDGETING CAPITAL EXPENDITURE CAPITAL EXPENDITURES CAPITAL GOODS CHILD LABOR CLASSROOM CLASSROOM RATIO CLASSROOMS COMPLETION RATES CONTRIBUTION CURRICULUM DECISION MAKING DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DROP-OUT RATES DROPOUT RATE DROPOUT RATES ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION FACILITIES EDUCATION FOR ALL EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATION PLANNING EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATIONAL INPUTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PLANNING EDUCATIONAL SERVICES ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ENROLLMENT ENROLMENT RATES ENROLMENT RATIO EQUITABLE ALLOCATION EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION FEMALE LITERACY FEMALE LITERACY RATE FINANCES FINANCIAL GUIDELINES FINANCIAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FREE TEXTBOOKS GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ENROLMENTS GENDER PARITY GENDER PARITY INDEX GIRLS GLOBAL MONITORING HIGH DROPOUT HIGHER EDUCATION HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS INVESTING INVESTMENT PROGRAM KEY ROLE LEARNING LEVELS OF LITERACY LINGUISTIC MINORITIES LITERACY LITERACY EDUCATION LITERACY RATES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NER NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATIO NUMBER OF SCHOOLS NUTRITION OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN PHYSICAL ACCESS PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY COMPLETION PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LEVEL EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVELS PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS PUPIL TEACHER RATIO PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE REASONING REPETITION RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS RESPONSIBILITIES SALARIES SALARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL COVERAGE SCHOOL DATA SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL RATIO SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS SENIOR SERVICE TRAINING SOCIAL GROUPS SUPPORT GROUP TEACHER TEACHERS TEXTBOOK TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION TRAINING OF TEACHERS UNIVERSAL ELEMENTARY EDUCATION UNIVERSAL ENROLMENT UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UPPER PRIMARY VULNERABLE GROUPS
spellingShingle	ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADDITIONAL FUNDS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ADULT LITERACY AGE GROUP ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION CENTERS ARITHMETIC ARITHMETIC MEAN ATTENDING SCHOOL AVAILABILITY OF CLASSROOMS AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS AVAILABILITY OF TEACHERS BUDGETING CAPITAL EXPENDITURE CAPITAL EXPENDITURES CAPITAL GOODS CHILD LABOR CLASSROOM CLASSROOM RATIO CLASSROOMS COMPLETION RATES CONTRIBUTION CURRICULUM DECISION MAKING DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DROP-OUT RATES DROPOUT RATE DROPOUT RATES ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION FACILITIES EDUCATION FOR ALL EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATION PLANNING EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATIONAL INPUTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PLANNING EDUCATIONAL SERVICES ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ENROLLMENT ENROLMENT RATES ENROLMENT RATIO EQUITABLE ALLOCATION EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION FEMALE LITERACY FEMALE LITERACY RATE FINANCES FINANCIAL GUIDELINES FINANCIAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FREE TEXTBOOKS GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ENROLMENTS GENDER PARITY GENDER PARITY INDEX GIRLS GLOBAL MONITORING HIGH DROPOUT HIGHER EDUCATION HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS INVESTING INVESTMENT PROGRAM KEY ROLE LEARNING LEVELS OF LITERACY LINGUISTIC MINORITIES LITERACY LITERACY EDUCATION LITERACY RATES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NER NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATIO NUMBER OF SCHOOLS NUTRITION OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN PHYSICAL ACCESS PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY COMPLETION PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LEVEL EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVELS PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS PUPIL TEACHER RATIO PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE REASONING REPETITION RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS RESPONSIBILITIES SALARIES SALARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL COVERAGE SCHOOL DATA SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL RATIO SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS SENIOR SERVICE TRAINING SOCIAL GROUPS SUPPORT GROUP TEACHER TEACHERS TEXTBOOK TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION TRAINING OF TEACHERS UNIVERSAL ELEMENTARY EDUCATION UNIVERSAL ENROLMENT UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UPPER PRIMARY VULNERABLE GROUPS Jhingran, Dhir Sankar, Deepa Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India
geographic_facet	South Asia South Asia South Asia Asia India
relation	Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4955
description	The challenge of development work in the social sector in India today is one of bridging huge disparities across regions of the country, gender and social groups. Unless national and state policies specifically target resources to address these disparities, achieving higher level outcomes in an inclusive manner, which is the real goal for human development in education and health, will be a distant dream. This paper takes up the case of the Indian government s Elementary Education for All Mission to understand how this flagship program relates investments to spatial and social disparities. For identifying the most deprived districts in terms of educational inputs, outputs and overall development, the authors estimate district level education development indices for 2003-2004. The contribution of the largest investment program is measured by "per child allocations" and expenditures at the state and district levels for 2005-2006. An analysis of comparing the ratio of allocations to expenditures with the ratio of district level indices to sub-dimensional indices shows that there is an apparent disconnect between the "real investment needs" of the districts, reflected in their level of educational development and the actual allocations made on an annual basis. The analysis shows that although all districts received more funds for investing in elementary education programs, the most disadvantaged and needy districts received proportionately more funds, which helped these districts to bridge access and infrastructure gaps and appoint more teachers. Benchmarking sector development by spatial entities helps not only in monitoring the outcomes, but also in targeting planning and funding to reduce disparities.
format	Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper
author	Jhingran, Dhir Sankar, Deepa
author_facet	Jhingran, Dhir Sankar, Deepa
author_sort	Jhingran, Dhir
title	Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India
title_short	Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India
title_full	Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India
title_fullStr	Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India
title_full_unstemmed	Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India
title_sort	addressing educational disparity : using district level education development indices for equitable resource allocations in india
publishDate	2012
url	http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090604092157 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4147
_version_	1764390145230897152
spelling	okr-10986-41472021-04-23T14:02:15Z Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India Jhingran, Dhir Sankar, Deepa ACCESS TO EDUCATION ADDITIONAL FUNDS ADDITIONAL RESOURCES ADULT LITERACY AGE GROUP ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION CENTERS ARITHMETIC ARITHMETIC MEAN ATTENDING SCHOOL AVAILABILITY OF CLASSROOMS AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS AVAILABILITY OF TEACHERS BUDGETING CAPITAL EXPENDITURE CAPITAL EXPENDITURES CAPITAL GOODS CHILD LABOR CLASSROOM CLASSROOM RATIO CLASSROOMS COMPLETION RATES CONTRIBUTION CURRICULUM DECISION MAKING DISADVANTAGED GROUPS DROP-OUT RATES DROPOUT RATE DROPOUT RATES ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION EXPENDITURES EDUCATION FACILITIES EDUCATION FOR ALL EDUCATION OF GIRLS EDUCATION PLANNING EDUCATION PROGRAMS EDUCATION SECTOR EDUCATION SERVICES EDUCATION STATISTICS EDUCATION SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT EDUCATIONAL DISADVANTAGE EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE EDUCATIONAL INPUTS EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES EDUCATIONAL PLANNING EDUCATIONAL SERVICES ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ENROLLMENT ENROLMENT RATES ENROLMENT RATIO EQUITABLE ALLOCATION EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION FEMALE LITERACY FEMALE LITERACY RATE FINANCES FINANCIAL GUIDELINES FINANCIAL INVESTMENT FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS FINANCIAL RESOURCES FREE TEXTBOOKS GENDER DISPARITY GENDER GAP GENDER GAP IN ENROLMENTS GENDER PARITY GENDER PARITY INDEX GIRLS GLOBAL MONITORING HIGH DROPOUT HIGHER EDUCATION HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INTERVENTIONS INVESTING INVESTMENT PROGRAM KEY ROLE LEARNING LEVELS OF LITERACY LINGUISTIC MINORITIES LITERACY LITERACY EDUCATION LITERACY RATES NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NER NET ENROLMENT NET ENROLMENT RATIO NUMBER OF SCHOOLS NUTRITION OUT OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN PHYSICAL ACCESS PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE POVERTY ALLEVIATION POVERTY REDUCTION PRIMARY COMPLETION PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE PRIMARY EDUCATION PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM PRIMARY GRADES PRIMARY LEVEL PRIMARY LEVEL EDUCATION PRIMARY LEVELS PRIMARY SCHOOL PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION PRIMARY SCHOOLS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS PUPIL TEACHER RATIO PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO QUALITY OF EDUCATION QUALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE REASONING REPETITION RATES RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS RESPONSIBILITIES SALARIES SALARY SCHOOL BUILDINGS SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION SCHOOL COVERAGE SCHOOL DATA SCHOOL FACILITIES SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURE SCHOOL LEVEL SCHOOL RATIO SCHOOL SYSTEM SCHOOLS FOR GIRLS SENIOR SERVICE TRAINING SOCIAL GROUPS SUPPORT GROUP TEACHER TEACHERS TEXTBOOK TEXTBOOK DISTRIBUTION TRAINING OF TEACHERS UNIVERSAL ELEMENTARY EDUCATION UNIVERSAL ENROLMENT UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION UPPER PRIMARY VULNERABLE GROUPS The challenge of development work in the social sector in India today is one of bridging huge disparities across regions of the country, gender and social groups. Unless national and state policies specifically target resources to address these disparities, achieving higher level outcomes in an inclusive manner, which is the real goal for human development in education and health, will be a distant dream. This paper takes up the case of the Indian government s Elementary Education for All Mission to understand how this flagship program relates investments to spatial and social disparities. For identifying the most deprived districts in terms of educational inputs, outputs and overall development, the authors estimate district level education development indices for 2003-2004. The contribution of the largest investment program is measured by "per child allocations" and expenditures at the state and district levels for 2005-2006. An analysis of comparing the ratio of allocations to expenditures with the ratio of district level indices to sub-dimensional indices shows that there is an apparent disconnect between the "real investment needs" of the districts, reflected in their level of educational development and the actual allocations made on an annual basis. The analysis shows that although all districts received more funds for investing in elementary education programs, the most disadvantaged and needy districts received proportionately more funds, which helped these districts to bridge access and infrastructure gaps and appoint more teachers. Benchmarking sector development by spatial entities helps not only in monitoring the outcomes, but also in targeting planning and funding to reduce disparities. 2012-03-19T19:10:46Z 2012-03-19T19:10:46Z 2009-06-01 http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?menuPK=64187510&pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000158349_20090604092157 http://hdl.handle.net/10986/4147 English Policy Research working paper ; no. WPS 4955 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper South Asia South Asia South Asia Asia India

Addressing Educational Disparity : Using District Level Education Development Indices for Equitable Resource Allocations in India

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