Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises
Statutory marketing boards that have exclusive authority to purchase domestic production, sell for export, and set purchase and sales prices of commodities are a type of state trading enterprise that is subject to World Trade Organization disciplin...
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| Format: | Policy Research Working Paper |
| Language: | English |
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World Bank, Washington, DC
2012
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| Online Access: | http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/08/8193181/canada-wheat-discrimination-non-commercial-considerations-state-trading-enterprises http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7286 |
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okr-10986-72862021-04-23T14:02:34Z Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises Hoekman, Bernard Trachtman, Joel ACCORD ADEQUATE OPPORTUNITY ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ADVERSE EFFECTS AFFECTING IMPORTS AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL TRADE ALLOCATION MECHANISMS ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES APPELLATE BODY APPELLATE BODY REPORT AVERAGE PRICE AVERAGE PRICES BORROWING COMMERCE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE COMPETITION ISSUES COMPETITION POLICY CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE CONSUMERS CONTRACTING PARTIES COOPERATIVES COUNTERVAILING DUTIES COURNOT COMPETITION CREDITS DEBT DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENTIAL PRICING DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES DISCRIMINATORY PRICING DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRODUCERS DOMESTIC PRODUCTION DUMPING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC POWER ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE EXCLUSION EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPLOITATION EXPORT COMPETITION EXPORT MARKETING EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT SUBSIDIES EXPORT SUBSIDY EXPORTS EXTERNAL TRADE EXTERNALITIES FARMERS FOREIGN BUYERS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN MARKETS GOOD FAITH GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT REGULATION ID IMPORTED GOODS IMPORTED PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTERNATIONAL RULES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW LEGAL FRAMEWORK LOAN LOAN GUARANTEES MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET LEADERSHIP MARKET POWER MARKET PRICE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MARKETING BOARDS MINIMUM STANDARDS MONOPOLIES MONOPOLY MULTINATIONAL MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS NATIONAL TREATMENT NATIONAL TREATMENT OBLIGATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES OLIGOPOLY OPERATIONAL COSTS PANEL REPORT PANEL REVIEW PANEL STAGE PERFECT COMPETITION PLANNED ECONOMIES POLICY BASIS POLICY RESEARCH PREMIUM PRICE PRICE DISCRIMINATION PRICE SETTING PRICE STABILIZATION PRICE SUPPORT PRICING SCHEME PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PRODUCER PRICES PRODUCERS PRICES PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PUBLIC POLICY PURCHASING RELEVANT MARKET SALE SALES SMALL FARMERS SPECIAL FINANCING SUBSIDIZATION SUPPLIERS SURPLUS TAXATION THIRD MARKETS TOTAL OUTPUT TRADE LAW TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE POLICY TRADING SYSTEM TRANSACTION COSTS URBAN AREAS URUGUAY ROUND WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO Statutory marketing boards that have exclusive authority to purchase domestic production, sell for export, and set purchase and sales prices of commodities are a type of state trading enterprise that is subject to World Trade Organization disciplines. This paper assesses a recent dispute brought by the United States against Canada, alleging that WTO rules require state trading enterprises to operate solely in accordance with commercial considerations and that the Canadian government did not require the Canadian Wheat Board to do so. The panel and Appellate Body found that the primary discipline of the WTO regarding state trading enterprises was nondiscrimination, and that operating on the basis of "commercial considerations" was not an independent obligation. Instead, WTO disciplines regarding the pricing behavior of state trading enterprises use a "commercial considerations" test as a possible indicator of discrimination. Although a significant degree of price discrimination is observed in the case of Canadian wheat exports, there are economic arguments why this might also be pursued by a private, profit maximizing firm. 2012-06-06T18:02:56Z 2012-06-06T18:02:56Z 2007-08 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/08/8193181/canada-wheat-discrimination-non-commercial-considerations-state-trading-enterprises http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7286 English Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4337 CC BY 3.0 IGO http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/ World Bank World Bank, Washington, DC Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper Publications & Research Canada |
| repository_type |
Digital Repository |
| institution_category |
Foreign Institution |
| institution |
Digital Repositories |
| building |
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository |
| collection |
World Bank |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ACCORD ADEQUATE OPPORTUNITY ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ADVERSE EFFECTS AFFECTING IMPORTS AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL TRADE ALLOCATION MECHANISMS ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES APPELLATE BODY APPELLATE BODY REPORT AVERAGE PRICE AVERAGE PRICES BORROWING COMMERCE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE COMPETITION ISSUES COMPETITION POLICY CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE CONSUMERS CONTRACTING PARTIES COOPERATIVES COUNTERVAILING DUTIES COURNOT COMPETITION CREDITS DEBT DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENTIAL PRICING DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES DISCRIMINATORY PRICING DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRODUCERS DOMESTIC PRODUCTION DUMPING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC POWER ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE EXCLUSION EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPLOITATION EXPORT COMPETITION EXPORT MARKETING EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT SUBSIDIES EXPORT SUBSIDY EXPORTS EXTERNAL TRADE EXTERNALITIES FARMERS FOREIGN BUYERS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN MARKETS GOOD FAITH GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT REGULATION ID IMPORTED GOODS IMPORTED PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTERNATIONAL RULES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW LEGAL FRAMEWORK LOAN LOAN GUARANTEES MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET LEADERSHIP MARKET POWER MARKET PRICE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MARKETING BOARDS MINIMUM STANDARDS MONOPOLIES MONOPOLY MULTINATIONAL MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS NATIONAL TREATMENT NATIONAL TREATMENT OBLIGATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES OLIGOPOLY OPERATIONAL COSTS PANEL REPORT PANEL REVIEW PANEL STAGE PERFECT COMPETITION PLANNED ECONOMIES POLICY BASIS POLICY RESEARCH PREMIUM PRICE PRICE DISCRIMINATION PRICE SETTING PRICE STABILIZATION PRICE SUPPORT PRICING SCHEME PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PRODUCER PRICES PRODUCERS PRICES PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PUBLIC POLICY PURCHASING RELEVANT MARKET SALE SALES SMALL FARMERS SPECIAL FINANCING SUBSIDIZATION SUPPLIERS SURPLUS TAXATION THIRD MARKETS TOTAL OUTPUT TRADE LAW TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE POLICY TRADING SYSTEM TRANSACTION COSTS URBAN AREAS URUGUAY ROUND WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO |
| spellingShingle |
ACCORD ADEQUATE OPPORTUNITY ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ADVERSE EFFECTS AFFECTING IMPORTS AGREEMENT ON AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS AGRICULTURAL TRADE ALLOCATION MECHANISMS ANTI-DUMPING DUTIES APPELLATE BODY APPELLATE BODY REPORT AVERAGE PRICE AVERAGE PRICES BORROWING COMMERCE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE COMPETITION ISSUES COMPETITION POLICY CONDITIONS OF PURCHASE CONSUMERS CONTRACTING PARTIES COOPERATIVES COUNTERVAILING DUTIES COURNOT COMPETITION CREDITS DEBT DEVELOPMENT POLICIES DEVELOPMENT POLICY DIFFERENTIAL PRICING DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES DISCRIMINATORY PRICING DISPUTE SETTLEMENT DOMESTIC MARKET DOMESTIC PRODUCERS DOMESTIC PRODUCTION DUMPING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC POLICY ECONOMIC POWER ECONOMIC THEORY ECONOMIES OF SCALE EXCLUSION EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS EXPLOITATION EXPORT COMPETITION EXPORT MARKETING EXPORT MARKETS EXPORT SUBSIDIES EXPORT SUBSIDY EXPORTS EXTERNAL TRADE EXTERNALITIES FARMERS FOREIGN BUYERS FOREIGN INVESTMENT FOREIGN MARKETS GOOD FAITH GOVERNMENT POLICIES GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT REGULATION ID IMPORTED GOODS IMPORTED PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL BANK INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE INTERNATIONAL LAW INTERNATIONAL RULES INTERNATIONAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW LEGAL FRAMEWORK LOAN LOAN GUARANTEES MARKET ACCESS MARKET CONSTRAINTS MARKET LEADERSHIP MARKET POWER MARKET PRICE MARKET SHARE MARKETING MARKETING BOARDS MINIMUM STANDARDS MONOPOLIES MONOPOLY MULTINATIONAL MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS NATIONAL TREATMENT NATIONAL TREATMENT OBLIGATIONS NATURAL RESOURCES OLIGOPOLY OPERATIONAL COSTS PANEL REPORT PANEL REVIEW PANEL STAGE PERFECT COMPETITION PLANNED ECONOMIES POLICY BASIS POLICY RESEARCH PREMIUM PRICE PRICE DISCRIMINATION PRICE SETTING PRICE STABILIZATION PRICE SUPPORT PRICING SCHEME PRIVATE ENTERPRISES PRODUCER PRICES PRODUCERS PRICES PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION PROFIT MAXIMIZATION PUBLIC POLICY PURCHASING RELEVANT MARKET SALE SALES SMALL FARMERS SPECIAL FINANCING SUBSIDIZATION SUPPLIERS SURPLUS TAXATION THIRD MARKETS TOTAL OUTPUT TRADE LAW TRADE NEGOTIATIONS TRADE POLICY TRADING SYSTEM TRANSACTION COSTS URBAN AREAS URUGUAY ROUND WORLD MARKET WORLD MARKETS WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION WTO Hoekman, Bernard Trachtman, Joel Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises |
| geographic_facet |
Canada |
| relation |
Policy Research Working Paper; No. 4337 |
| description |
Statutory marketing boards that have
exclusive authority to purchase domestic production, sell
for export, and set purchase and sales prices of commodities
are a type of state trading enterprise that is subject to
World Trade Organization disciplines. This paper assesses a
recent dispute brought by the United States against Canada,
alleging that WTO rules require state trading enterprises to
operate solely in accordance with commercial considerations
and that the Canadian government did not require the
Canadian Wheat Board to do so. The panel and Appellate Body
found that the primary discipline of the WTO regarding state
trading enterprises was nondiscrimination, and that
operating on the basis of "commercial
considerations" was not an independent obligation.
Instead, WTO disciplines regarding the pricing behavior of
state trading enterprises use a "commercial
considerations" test as a possible indicator of
discrimination. Although a significant degree of price
discrimination is observed in the case of Canadian wheat
exports, there are economic arguments why this might also be
pursued by a private, profit maximizing firm. |
| format |
Publications & Research :: Policy Research Working Paper |
| author |
Hoekman, Bernard Trachtman, Joel |
| author_facet |
Hoekman, Bernard Trachtman, Joel |
| author_sort |
Hoekman, Bernard |
| title |
Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises |
| title_short |
Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises |
| title_full |
Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises |
| title_fullStr |
Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Canada-Wheat : Discrimination, Non-Commercial Considerations, and State Trading Enterprises |
| title_sort |
canada-wheat : discrimination, non-commercial considerations, and state trading enterprises |
| publisher |
World Bank, Washington, DC |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2007/08/8193181/canada-wheat-discrimination-non-commercial-considerations-state-trading-enterprises http://hdl.handle.net/10986/7286 |
| _version_ |
1764402282606100480 |